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Comparison of orbital launch systems ：ウィキペディア英語版

Comparison of orbital launch systems

__NOTOC__
This is a comparison of orbital launch systems. The following exposes the full list of conventional orbital launch systems. For the short simple list of conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families.
Spacecraft propulsion〔There are many different methods. Each method has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.〕 is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. A conventional solid rocket or a conventional solid-fuel rocket is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer).〔The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.〕 Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some〔Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.〕 have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.〔Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.〕
Legend for orbit abbreviations in table:
*GEO - Geostationary orbit
*GSO - Geosynchronous orbit
*GTO - Geostationary transfer orbit
*HCO - Heliocentric orbit
*HEO - High Earth orbit
*LEO - Low Earth orbit
*MEO - Medium Earth orbit
*SSO - Sun-synchronous orbit
*TLI - Trans Lunar Injection
Legend for launch system status in below table: (style="background:khaki;">under development ) — (style="background:lightgrey;">retired ) — (style="background:white;">operational )
〕
|
|Retired
|2003
|2007〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|GSLV Mk.I(c)
|
|ISRO
|
| to GTO
|〔
|Retired
|2010
|2010〔
|-
|GSLV Mk.II
|
|ISRO
|
| to GTO
|〔
|Operational
|2010
|2015
|-
| GSLV Mk.III (LVM3)
|
| ISRO
|
| to GTO
|
| Development (suborbital test flight w/o CUS(cryogenic upper stage))
|2014
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|H-I
|

|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
| to GTO
|
|Retired
|1986
|1992
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|H-II
|
|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
|
| 〔Not including two launches made using the H-II/SSB and H-IIS configurations〕
| Retired
| 1994
| 1998
|-
| H-IIA 202
|
| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
| to GTO〔
| 〔
| Operational
| 2001
|
|-
| H-IIA 204
|
| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
| to GTO〔
| 〔
| Operational
| 2006
| 2006
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| H-IIA 2022
|
| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
| 〔
| 〔
| Retired
| 2005
| 2007
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| H-IIA 2024
|
| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
|
| 〔
| Retired
| 2002
| 2008
|-
| H-IIB 304
|
| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
| 〔
| 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=H-IIB Launch Vehicle, P. 2 ) 〕
|
| Operational
| 2009
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|H-II/SSB
|
|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
|
| 〔
| Retired
| 1995
| 1995
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
| H-IIS
|
| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
|
| 〔Only launch failed to achieve orbit〕〔
| Retired
| 1999
| 1999
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
|J-I
|
|IHI Corporation
Nissan Motors〔
|
|
|0(+1)
|Retired
|1996
|1996
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|Kaituozhe-1
|
|CALT
|
|
|
|Operational
|2002
|2003
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Kosmos-3M
|
|NPO Polyot
|
|
|
|Retired
|1967
|2010
|-
|Kuaizhou
|
|CALT
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kuaizhou.htm )〕
|
|〔
|Operational
|2013〔
|2014〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Lambda 4S
|
|Nissan Motors〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=14 )〕
|〔
|
|
|Retired
|1966
|1970
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Long March 1
|
|CALT
|
|
|〔
|Retired
|1970〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-1.htm )〕
|1971〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
|Long March 1D
|
|CALT
|
|
|0(+3)
|Retired
|1995〔Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted〕
|2002
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
|
|
|CALT
|
|
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-2.htm )〕
|Retired
|1974〔
|1978〔
|-
|Long March 2C
|
|CALT
|
|
|〔
|Operational
|1982〔
|
|-
|Long March 2D
|
|CALT
|
|
| 〔
|Operational
|1992〔
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Long March 2E
|
|CALT
|
|
|〔
|Retired
|1990
|1995〔
|-
|Long March 2F
|
|CALT
|
|
|〔
|Operational
|1999〔
|2008〔
|-
| Long March 2F/G
|
| CALT
|
|
| 〔
| Operational
| 2011〔
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Long March 3
|
|CALT
|
|
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-3.htm )〕
|Retired
|1984〔
|2000〔
|-
|Long March 3A
|
|CALT
|
| to GTO〔
|〔
|Operational
|1994〔
|
|-
| Long March 3B
|
| CALT
| 〔
| to GTO〔
| 〔
| Operational
| 1996〔
| 2009
|-
| Long March 3B/E
|
| CALT
| 〔
| to GTO〔
| 〔
| Operational
| 2007〔
|
|-
|Long March 3C
|
|CALT
| 〔
| to GTO〔
|
〔
| Operational
| 2008〔
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Long March 4A
|
|CALT
|
|
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-4.htm )〕
|Retired
|1988〔
|1990〔
|-
|Long March 4B
|
|CALT
|〔
|
|
|Operational
|1999〔
|
|-
|Long March 4C
|
|CALT
|
|
|〔
|Operational
|2006〔
|
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| Long March 5
|
| CALT
|
| to GTO 〔
|
| Development
|
|
|-
|Long March 6
|
|SAST
|
|1,080 to SSO
|
|Operational
|2015〔
|
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|Long March 7
|
|CALT
|
|
|
|Development
since 2009
|
|
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|Long March 9
|
|CALT
|
| to TLI〔
|
|Development
|
|
|-
|Long March 11
|
|CALT
|
|
|
|Operational
|2015
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|M-V
|
|Nissan Motors〔 (-2000)
IHI AEROSPACE〔 (-2006)
| - 1,850〔
|
|
|Retired
|1997
|2006
|-
|Minotaur I
|
|Orbital
|〔
〕
|
|
|Operational
|2000
|2013
|-
|Minotaur IV
|
|Orbital
|
|
|(+2)〔() 〕
|Operational
|2010〔
|2011〔
|-
|Minotaur V
|
|Orbital
|
| to GTO
447 to TLI
|〔
|Operational
|2013〔
|
|-
|Minotaur-C
|
|Orbital
|
|〔 to SSO
|
|Operational〔() 〕
|1994
|2011〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Molniya
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1960
|1965〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Molniya-M
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1964
|2010
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Mu-3C
|
|Nissan Motors〔
|〔
|
|
|Retired
|1974
|1979
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Mu-3H
|
|Nissan Motors〔
|〔
|
|
|Retired
|1977
|1978
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Mu-3S
|
|Nissan Motors〔
|〔
|
|
|Retired
|1980
|1984
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Mu-3SII
|
|Nissan Motors〔
|〔
|
|
|Retired
|1985
|1995
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Mu-4S
|
|Nissan Motors〔
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/vehicles/index.shtml )〕
|
|
|Retired
|1971
|1972
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
| N1
|
| NPO Energia
| 〔〔〔〔 (never reached orbit)
|
| 〔
| Retired
| 1969
| 1972
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|N-I
|

|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
|
|
|Retired
|1975
|1982
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|N-II
|

|Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
|
|
|
|Retired
|1981
|1987
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Naro-1
|

|KARI/Khrunichev
|
|
|3
|Retired
|2009
|2013
|- style="background:lightgrey;font-style:italic;"
|Paektusan
|
|KCST
|
|
|
|Retired
|1998
|-
|Pegasus
|
|Orbital
|〔() 〕
|
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pegasus.htm )〕
|Operational
|1990
|2013〔
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|Pegasus II
|
|Orbital
|〔
〕
|
|
|Development
|
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Polyot
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1963
|1964
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| Proton-K
|
| Khrunichev
|
| to GTO
|
| Retired
| 1965
| 2012
|-
| Proton-M
|
| Khrunichev
|
| to GTO〔
| 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/proton-m_blok-dm-2.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/proton-m_blok-dm-03.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/proton-m_briz-m.htm )〕
| Operational
| 1999〔
|
|-
| PSLV
|
| ISRO
| 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=PSLV )〕
| to GTO〔
to SSO
| 〔
| Operational
| 1993〔
|
|-
|PSLV-CA
|
|ISRO
|〔
| to SSO〔
| 〔
| Operational
| 2007
|
|-
|PSLV-XL
|
|ISRO
|〔
| to GTO〔
to SSO
| 〔
| Operational
| 2008〔
|
|-
|Rokot
|
|Khrunichev
|
| to SSO
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/rokot.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rockot Launch Vehicle )〕
|Operational
|1990
|-
|Safir
|
|Iranian Space Agency
|
|
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=State television reports Iran launches satellite called 'Fajr' into space amid rocket tests )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Safir )〕
|Operational
|2008
|2015〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Saturn I
|
|Chrysler (S-I)
Douglas (S-IV)
|
|
|
|Retired
|1961
|1965〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Saturn IB
|
|Chrysler (S-IB)
Douglas (S-IVB)
|
|
|
| Retired
| 1966
| 1975
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| Saturn V
|
| Boeing (S-IC)
North American (S-II)
Douglas (S-IVB)
| 〔
| to TLI〔
| 〔〔〔
| Retired
| 1967
| 1973
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Scout
|
|US Air Force/NASA
|
|
|
|Retired
|1961
|1994
|-
|Shavit
|
|IAE
|
|
|
|Operational
|1988
|2014
|-
|Shtil'
|
|Makeyev
| - 430
|
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Vysota / Volna / Shtil )〕
|Operational
|1998
|2006
|-
|Simorgh
|
|Iranian Space Agency
|-350〔http://i004.radikal.ru/1508/a7/94ca7ddf9113.jpg〕
|
|
| Development
|
|
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| SLS Block 1
|
| Alliant Techsystems (SRBs)
Boeing (proposed)〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Space Launch System (SLS) Program Overview )〕
| 〔
| to TLI〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NASA’S SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM (SLS) PROGRAM: MARS PROGRAM UTILIZATION )〕
|
| Development
|
|
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| SLS Block 1B
|
| Alliant Techsystems (SRBs)
Boeing (proposed)〔
| 〔
| to TLI〔
|
| Development
|
|
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
| SLS Block 2
|
| Alliant Techsystems (SRBs)
Boeing (proposed)〔
| 〔
| to TLI〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Space Launch Report - Space Launch System Data Sheet )〕
|
| Development
|
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|SLV
|
|ISRO
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=SLV-3 )〕
|
|〔
|Retired
|1979
|1983〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Soyuz
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1966
|1975
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Soyuz-L
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1970
|1971
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Soyuz-M
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1971
|1976
|-
|Soyuz-U
|
|TsSKB-Progress
| from Baikonour〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Soyuz-U Launch Vehicle )〕
from Plesetsk〔
|
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/soyuz.htm )〕
|Operational
|1973
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Soyuz-U2
|
|TsSKB-Progress
|
|
|〔
|Retired
|1982
|1995
|-
|Soyuz-FG
|
|TsSKB-Progress
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_fg/ )〕
|
|〔〔
|Operational
|2001
|
|-
|Soyuz-2.1a
|
|TsSKB-Progress
| from Baikonour〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_2/ )〕
|
|18(+1)〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a_fregat.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1a_fregat-m.htm )〕
|Operational
|2004〔Suborbital test flight in 2004, first orbital launch in 2006〕
|
|-
|Soyuz-2.1b
|
|TsSKB-Progress
| from Baikonour〔
| to GTO from Baikonour〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/soyuz.html )〕
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1b.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1b_fregat.htm )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-2-1b_fregat-m.htm )〕
|Operational
|2006
|
|-
|Soyuz-ST-A
|/
|TsSKB-Progress ESA
| from Kourou〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/soyuzst.htm )〕
| to GTO with Fregat〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://en.samspace.ru/products/launch_vehicles/rn_soyuz_st/ )〕
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-sta_fregat.htm )〕
|Operational
|2011
|
|-
|Soyuz-ST-B
|/
|TsSKB-Progress ESA
| from Kourou〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/soyuz2_lv.html )〕
| to GTO with Fregat-MT〔
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/soyuz-stb_fregat-mt.htm )〕
|Operational
|2011
|
|-
|Soyuz-2.1v
|
|TsSKB-Progress
|
|
|
|Operational
|2013
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| Space Shuttle
|
| Alliant Techsystems (SRBs)
Martin Marietta (ET)
Rockwell International (Orbiter)
|〔
| to GTO with IUS
to escape with IUS〔
to GTO with PAM-D
|
| Retired
| 1981
| 2011
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Sputnik 8K71PS
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1957
|1957
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Sputnik 8A91
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1958
|1958
|-
|Start-1
|
|MITT
|
| to SSO
|
|Operational
|1993
|2006
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|StratoLaunch
|
|Stratolaunch Systems
|〔
〕
|
|
|Development〔
|2016〔
〕
|
|-
|Strela
|
|Khrunichev
|
|
|〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/strela.htm )〕
|Operational〔
|2003
|2014
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|Super Haas
|
|ARCA
|
|
|
|Development
|
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan II GLV
|
|Martin Marietta
|
|
|11(+1)
|Retired
|1964
|1966
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan II(23)G
|
|Martin Marietta
||
|
|
|Retired
|1988
|2003
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan IIIA
|
|Martin Marietta
||
|
|
|Retired
|1964
|1965
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan IIIB
|
|Martin Marietta
||
|
|
|Retired
|1966
|1987
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan IIIC
|
|Martin Marietta
||
|
|
| Retired
| 1965
| 1982
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan IIID
|
|Martin Marietta
||
|
|
| Retired
| 1971
| 1982
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan IIIE
|
|Martin Marietta
|
|
|
| Retired
| 1974
| 1977
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan 34D
|
|Martin Marietta
|
|
|
| Retired
| 1982
| 1989
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Titan IVA
|
|Martin Marietta
|
| to GTO with IUS〔
to GSO with Centaur〔
to SSO〔
to escape with IUS〔
|
| Retired
| 1989
| 1998
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
| Titan IVB
|
| Lockheed Martin
| 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Fact Sheet - TITAN IVB )〕
| to GTO 〔
(9,000 with upper stage)
| 〔
| Retired
| 1997
| 2005
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
|Tronador II
|
|CONAE
|
|
|
|Development
|
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Tsyklon-2A
|
|Yuzhmash
|
|
|
|Retired
|1967
|1969
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Tsyklon-2
|
|Yuzhmash
|
|
|
|Retired
|1969
|2006〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Tsyklon-3
|
|Yuzhmash
|
|
|
|Retired
|1977
|2009〔
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic;"
|Tsyklon-4
|
|Yuzhmash
|
| to GTO 〔
|
|Development
|
|
|- style="font-style:italic"
|Unha
|
|KCST
|
|
|
|Operational
|2009
|
|- style="background:khaki;font-style:italic"
| ULV
|
| ISRO
|
| to GTO
|
| Development
|
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Vanguard
|
|Martin
|
|
|11(+1)
|Retired
|1957
|1959
|-
|Vega
|
|ESA/ASI
|
| to polar
to SSO〔
|
|Operational
| 2012
|
|- style="font-style:italic"
|VLS-1
|
|AEB, INPE
|
|
|〔A third rocket exploded before launch〕
|Operational
|1997
|2003
|- style="font-style:italic;"
|Volna
|
|Makeyev
|
|
|1(+5)〔
|Operational
|1995〔First orbital launch attempt in 2005〕
|2005〔
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Voskhod
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1963
|1976
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Vostok-L
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1960
|1960
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Vostok-K
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1960
|1964
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Vostok-2
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1962
|1967
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Vostok-2M
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1964
|1991
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Soyuz/Vostok
|
|RSC Energia
|
|
|
|Retired
|1965
|1966
|- style="background:lightgrey;"
|Zenit-2
|
|Yuzhnoye
|
|
| 〔
| Retired
| 1985
| 2004
|-
|Zenit-2M (2SLB)
|
|Yuzhnoye
| 〔
|
|
| Operational
| 2007
|
|-
|Zenit-3F
|
|Yuzhnoye〔
|
|
| 〔
| Operational
| 2011
|
|-
| Zenit-3SL
|
| Yuzhmash
RKK Energia 〔Operated by Sea Launch〕
|
| to GTO 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Launch Vehicle )〕
| 〔
| Operational
| 1999
|
|-
| Zenit-3SLB
|
| Yuzhmash
RKK Energia 〔Operated by Land Launch〕
|
| to GTO
| 〔
| Operational
| 2008
|
|}
==Proposed and design concepts==
(詳細はNon-rocket spacelaunch

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「Comparison of orbital launch systems」の詳細全文を読む

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